Consider the Traveller 2300AD approach;
I believe it was Mesomorph, Ectomorph, Endomorph......which all modified stats! And Normal (?) which did not.
Characters then had stats modified for different gravity worlds, Low to High G.
There was even a bit of genemod tech for poisonous/hostile atmospheres as it was much easier to slightly alter colonists than to scrub/modify an entire worlds' atmosphere and ecosystem. (Although really cool, Kim Stanely Robinson's Red/Green/Blue Mars would likely take 10x longer than in the books, IMHO.)
Cyberspace had a bunch of human implant mods from implanted cellphones to Robocop-style upgrades to extreme viral mods.
Did you want just a few baseline types to choose from?
Like High-G = +STR/CON .....-AG/QU
Low-G = +QU..............-ST/CON
Zero-G/Orbital Habitat = +AG/RE/....-ST/CON etc...
If you make all of the worlds.... you'll need mods per world.
If you give a set points to mod stats, players can make their own; +8 total (for example) could be +2 ST, +2 RE, +2 PR, +2 CO.......
This way, players could flesh out the game with their own backstory. But I'm kinda lazy that way.
Body type and gravity type could be all you're looking for. At least it's simple.