Historically, perhaps. But he is not asking about historically, he is asking about it for an archer character, a PC in a game, who sometimes doesn't have the option of standing way back from the actual combat.
And here I thought he was asking about it *realistically*, not historically.
Yeah, if you want, you can let PCs do anything they want.
But if you want to 'keep it real', no one using a bow has a shield strapped to their arm (yes, they have some inside forearm protection from the release of the bowstring).
I also think there is some confusion about bucklers and targes.
A targe common had *two* leather straps, one that went around the arm and one that was *held* by the hand of that same arm.
A buckler was a small shield, *held* with one hand (usually directly behind the center of the shield).
In both cases, these items were *held* with one hand - not items strapped onto an arm and that arm's hand being free.
The concept of the 'Look Ma - No Hands!' shield is fantasy, not reality (not even realistic fantasy).
As for crossbowmen, they used a free standing shield called a pavis (bowmen also used these).
A pavise was generally a quite large shield that would either be held by *another person* or be 'stuck' into the ground (these had a spike or spikes on the bottom of the pavise specifically so it could be stuck in the ground).
The archer then stood behind the shield, which then provided good cover.
Compare this to a mantlet, which was a small, portable shelter (sometimes no more than a large shield), often mounted on a cart or similar wheeled cariage for mobility.
I can't think of a single occasion in which I've heard of an archer with a personal shield.
Right you are sir!
DonMoody